Ecosystem services in the South African grassland biome are being impacted by the presence of invasive alien plants (IAPs), particularly from the Australian genus Acacia. IAPs have elevated landscape water use and determining water fluxes is crucial to defining suitable interventions. This study evaluates three models of water flux over IAP-invaded grassland against evapotranspiration (ET) measured by a large-aperture scintillometer (LAS). ET was modelled using an energy balance model (MEDRUSH), a biophysical model (Penman-Monteith-Leuning (PML)) and a remotely sensed product (MOD16), and their results compared with ET measured by the LAS. ET LAS was measured during an abbreviated field campaign in November 2019 over a dense silver wattle (A. dealbata) stand associated with hillslope seeps. Of the three models tested against the LAS campaign, MEDRUSH performed well-enough to be used to model ET over the continuous scientific-grade micro-meteorological record (315 days). We used MEDRUSH to model ET over the invaded hillslope seeps and compared this with the expected ET that would occur over the adjacent, un-invaded grassland. Total ET over the IAP-invaded area was approximately 536 mm (60% of reference ET) as compared with the grassland (202 mm), showing that woody encroachment significantly increases landscape water use. To estimate the local impact of this, we used earth observation to determine the area of woody invasion in a 2 664 km² regional window. Approximately 10% (274 km²) of this window was invaded by IAPs and, assuming the geographic window was representative of all the areas invaded by wattle, this represents ~ 89 000 ML of water used annually by the IAPs. Removal of wattle, followed by suitable restoration of landscape functionality, would greatly enhance rangeland productivity and water production from hillslope seeps.

Seedlings of Stylosanthes guianensis CIAT 184 (Stylo 184) were germinated under salt-stress conditions (0-170.9 mM NaCl), and germination and ion content (Cl-, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+) were measured after seven days. The salt treatment had no effect on the germination percentage, but the seedling showed reduced growth and displayed variation in ion uptake, thus accumulating Na+ and Cl- in the roots. Callus produced from seedlings selected as salt sensitive (T1) or salt tolerant (T2, T3, T4 and T5) was examined for growth and ion content under the influence of NaCl (0-256.4 mM NaCl) after 15 days. The sensitive clone (T1) contained the lowest Na+ and Cl- content with the highest percentage of K+ contributing to osmolality, suggesting it possesses an ion regulation mechanism that is typical of glycophytes; i.e., osmotic potential was adjusted by accumulating K+. The other clones (T2, T3, T4 and T5) expressed different strategies (osmotic adjustment) to cope with salt stress. T5 showed the highest mean dry weight on salt medium and displayed more effective ion regulation by maintaining low Na+:K+ and Na+:Ca2+ ratios. T2 expressed high Na+ and Cl- with the highest percentage of Na+ contribution to osmolality and water content (succulence). T3 and T4 had lower growth rates but similar ion regulation in relation to T5. Results indicated that the ion content can be used to discriminate salt sensitive and salt tolerant clones of Stylo 184.

O objetivo deste estudo é revisar evidências epidemiológicas da associação entre a exposição a subprodutos da desinfecção com cloro (DBPs) e anomalias congênitas. Todos os estudos epidemiológicos que avaliaram a relação entre o índice de exposição a DBPs e o risco de anomalias congênitas foram analisados. Para todas as anomalias congênitas combinadas, a meta-análise resultou em um risco de excesso estatisticamente significante para alta versus baixa exposição à cloração da água ou ao TTHM (17%; 95% CI, 3-34) baseado em um pequeno número de estudos. A meta-análise também sugere um excesso de risco estatisticamente significante para defeitos septais ventriculares (58%; 95% CI, 21-107), porém com base em apenas três estudos, nos quais se encontrou pouca evidência na relação exposição-resposta. Não foram observadas relações estatisticamente significantes em outras meta-análises e pouca evidência para uma tendência de publicação, com exceção de defeitos no trato urinário e fissura labiopalatal. Apesar de alguns estudos individuais sugerirem uma associação entre subprodutos da desinfecção com cloro e anomalias congênitas, as meta-análises de todos os estudos disponíveis atualmente demonstraram pouca evidência de tal associação.

This study aims to review epidemiologic evidence of the association between exposure to chlorination disinfection by-products (DBPs) and congenital anomalies. All epidemiologic studies that evaluated a relationship between an index of DBP exposure and risk of congenital anomalies were analyzed. For all congenital anomalies combined, the meta-analysis gave a statistically significant excess risk for high versus low exposure to water chlorination or TTHM (17%; 95% CI, 3-34) based on a small number of studies. The meta-analysis also suggested a statistically significant excess risk for ventricular septal defects (58%; 95% CI, 21-107), but based on only three studies, and there was little evidence of an exposure-response relationship. It was observed no statistically significant relationships in the other meta-analyses and little evidence for publication bias, except for urinary tract defects and cleft lip and palate. Although some individual studies have suggested an association between chlorination disinfection by-products and congenital anomalies, meta-analyses of all currently available studies demonstrate little evidence of such association.

O objetivo deste estudo é revisar evidências epidemiológicas da associação entre a exposição a subprodutos da desinfecção com cloro (DBPs) e anomalias congênitas. Todos os estudos epidemiológicos que avaliaram a relação entre o índice de exposição a DBPs e o risco de anomalias congênitas foram analisados. Para todas as anomalias congênitas combinadas, a meta-análise resultou em um risco de excesso estatisticamente significante para alta versus baixa exposição à cloração da água ou ao TTHM (17%; 95% CI, 3-34) baseado em um pequeno número de estudos. A meta-análise também sugere um excesso de risco estatisticamente significante para defeitos septais ventriculares (58%; 95% CI, 21-107), porém com base em apenas três estudos, nos quais se encontrou pouca evidência na relação exposição-resposta. Não foram observadas relações estatisticamente significantes em outras meta-análises e pouca evidência para uma tendência de publicação, com exceção de defeitos no trato urinário e fissura labiopalatal. Apesar de alguns estudos individuais sugerirem uma associação entre subprodutos da desinfecção com cloro e anomalias congênitas, as meta-análises de todos os estudos disponíveis atualmente demonstraram pouca evidência de tal associação.

This study aims to review epidemiologic evidence of the association between exposure to chlorination disinfection by-products (DBPs) and congenital anomalies. All epidemiologic studies that evaluated a relationship between an index of DBP exposure and risk of congenital anomalies were analyzed. For all congenital anomalies combined, the meta-analysis gave a statistically significant excess risk for high versus low exposure to water chlorination or TTHM (17%; 95% CI, 3-34) based on a small number of studies. The meta-analysis also suggested a statistically significant excess risk for ventricular septal defects (58%; 95% CI, 21-107), but based on only three studies, and there was little evidence of an exposure-response relationship. It was observed no statistically significant relationships in the other meta-analyses and little evidence for publication bias, except for urinary tract defects and cleft lip and palate. Although some individual studies have suggested an association between chlorination disinfection by-products and congenital anomalies, meta-analyses of all currently available studies demonstrate little evidence of such association.